Notes:

[1] Wickham, Chris. “Crisis and Continuity, 400-550.” Chapter in The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 79. New York , New York: Penguin Group, 2009.

[2] “The Idea of the Middle Ages.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed February 27, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-idea-of-the-Middle-Ages.

[3] The idea of the European continent as we see it today was the culmination of centuries of rebuilt yet renewed complexity. Wickham often argued that taxation in particular was a keystone development in legitimizing and rebuilding after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Wickham, Chris. Medieval Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.

[4] Starting at around 3:04, medieval historian and author Eleanor Janega, discusses the nature of the phrase “Dark Ages” and perfectly describes its intended academic meaning, noting how some misinterpret the phrase to be derogatory towards the people of the era. Janega, Eleanor. Interview with Max Adams. Gone Medieval: Rise of Northumbria. Podcast audio accessed via Spotify. April 2, 2024. https://open.spotify.com/episode/3AhJqUzXeLSnPq9QfE0IHA?si=a0fb51420ae44e13.

[5] Huneric: Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution, trans. J. Moorhead (Liverpool, I992), 2.38-40, 3.2- I4.


[6] Burns, Thomas S. “THEODORIC THE GREAT AND THE CONCEPTS OF POWER IN LATE ANTIQUITY.” Acta Classica 25 (1982): 99–118. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24591794 See also (6-II); “Italy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, June 13, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy. See also (6-III); Mark, Joshua J. “Ostrogoth.” World History Encyclopedia, April 2, 2024. https://www.worldhistory.org/ostrogoth/.  

[7] Book II, Chapter 30, History of the Franks, originally written by Gregory of Tours, abridged and translated by Earnest Brehaut found via Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval sourcebook, December 1997. Accessed 13 June 2024. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/gregory-hist.asp#book2.  

[8] Bileta, Vedran. “What Was the Nika Riot?” TheCollector, October 6, 2023. https://www.thecollector.com/what-was-the-nika-riot/. See also (8-II); Greatrex, Geoffrey. “The Nika Riot.” History of Istanbul. Accessed March 31, 2024. https://istanbultarihi.ist/407-the-nika-riot and (8-III) Bury, J. B. “The Nika Riot.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 17 (1897): 92–119. https://doi.org/10.2307/623820. For a translated version of the primary source offered by Procopius (8-IV), originally found in History of the Wars, I, xxiv, see; Procopius. “JUSTINIAN SUPPRESSES THE NIKA REVOLT, 532.” Internet history sourcebooks: Medieval sourcebook. Accessed April 2, 2024. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/procop-wars1.asp.

[9] Mainstone, Rowland J. “Justinian’s Church of St Sophia, Istanbul: Recent Studies of Its Construction and First Partial Reconstruction.” Architectural History 12 (1969): 39–107. Justinian's Church of St Sophia, Istanbul: Recent Studies of Its Construction and First Partial Reconstruction. 

[10] Kaegi, Walter Emil. “Arianism and the Byzantine Army in Africa 533-546.” Traditio 21 (1965): 23–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27830788. 

[11]  Treadgold, Warren. “The Persistence of Byzantium.” The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 22, no. 4 (1998): 66–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40260386. 

[12] Bede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26, from Sherley-Price's translation, pp. 74–77.

[13] Bede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26, from Sherley-Price's translation, pp. 74–77.

[14] Wickham, Chris. The inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the dark ages, 400-1000. New York: Penguin Books, 2010. Page 257. See also (14-II); “Maurice.” Encyclopædia Britannica, March 26, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maurice-Byzantine-emperor. See also (14-III); “Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 3 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, January 1, 1992. https://archive.org/details/plre-iii/PLRE-III-B/page/n51/mode/2up. Page 860.  

[15] D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, (London, England and New York, NY: Routledge, 2000), 60–61.


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